Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park

The Muang Hiam hot spring is famous in Laos as one of the hottest in the country as water can reach up to 100 degrees Celsius.

The Muang Hiam hot spring is located in a forest park 750m, around 10-min walk, north of the National Park headquarters and Muang Hiam town, direction Muang Xon. See location here.

The hot spring park is popular for locals and people believe that this hot water has medicinal qualities. Locals come to bath and wash clothes, but also to enjoy in the forest scenery with family and friends, boil eggs and bamboo shoots, relax in the small huts and appreciate a meal from the local restaurant.  

The forest park of the Muang Hiam hot springs offers nice birdwatching opportunities. Walk around the hotspring park or hike up the short trails for enjoying a better view. Best time for birdwatching is early morning and late afternoon, but if lucky you can spot some birds also daytime.

Some of the highlight species in this area to see include Orange-headed Thrush (Geokichla citrina), Orange-headed Trogon (Harpactes oreskios), Hogdson’s frogmouth (Batrachostomus hodgsoni), Manchurian Bush Warbler (Horornis canturians), White-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus), Black Bulbul (Hypsipetes leucocephalus), Claudia’s Leaf Warbler (Phylloscopus claudiae).

See our bird list in below and let us know if you find new species from this area 🙏
See what others have spotted on Ebird – “Maung Hiam Hot springs”.

Muang Hiam Hot Spring Bird List:

  1. Chestnut-winged Cuckoo
  2. Banded Bay Cuckoo
  3. Plaintive Cuckoo
  4. Hodgson’s Frogmouth
  5. Square-tailed Drongo-Cuckoo
  6. Orange-breasted Trogon
  7. Common Iora
  8. Tiger Shrike
  9. Common Tailorbird
  10. Gray-breasted Prinia
  11. Plain Prinia
  12. Puff-throated Bulbul
  13. Gray-eyed Bulbul
  14. Black Bulbul
  15. Black-crested Bulbul
  16. Red-whiskered Bulbul
  17. Sooty-headed Bulbul
  18. Claudia’s Leaf Warbler
  19. Manchurian Bush Warbler
  20. Oriental Magpie-Robin
  21. Brown-throated Sunbird
  22. Green-tailed Sunbird
  23. Blue-winged Leafbird
  24. Paddyfield Pipit
  25. Spotted Dove
  26. Greater Coucal
  27. Oriental Honey-buzzard
  28. White-throated Kingfisher
  29. Eurasian Wryneck
  30. Long-tailed Minivet
  31. Brown Shrike
  32. Long-tailed Shrike
  33. Red-whiskered Bulbul
  34. White-rumped Shama
  35. Siberian Stonechat
  36. Gray Bushchat
  37. Ruby-cheeked Sunbird
  38. Crimson Sunbird
  39. Little Spiderhunter
  40. House Sparrow
  41. Gray Wagtail
  42. Orange-headed thrush

The article was written by Souvit Chuekongya and Janina Bikova

Ecotourism Village Homestays

Homestay is a great opportunity to learn about the local lifestyle as well as about the local culture.

You will have an opportunity to be welcomed to a homestay family when on the Cloud Forest Trek.

Please note that the village homestays offer simple accommodation with limited privacy. You will be sharing the sleeping area with the family, the bathroom is located outside the house and there is no hot water for bathing. Please note that most of the homestay families do not speak any English, but are very friendly and welcoming.

Do’s and Don’ts for homestay guests:

  • Please take off your shoes before entering someone’s house.
  • Please say thank you before and after eating.
  • Please no nude/bikini bathing. In public, women must cover the body from chest to knees.
  • Please dress appropriately. Men must wear shirt and women must cover their shoulders and knees.
  • Please note that men and women should sleep separately.
  • Please don’t touch head (including children).
  • Please don’t kiss in public or in someone house.
  • The use of drugs is illegal in Laos.
  • Smiles beget smiles. Please, be patient and kind.
  • Please kindly ask before you take photos of people: Khor thai hup dai baw? (ຂໍຖ່າຍຮູບເຈົ້າໄດ້ບໍ່)

Guesthouses in Muang Hiam

Most guesthouses in Muang Hiam (Viengthong), Houaphan Province are located along the main street. The town is very small and everything is easily reachable on foot.

Daonouar Guesthouse is located by the hotsprings 10min walk from the town center.

None of the guesthouses has online booking facility yet, however, normally there is always place. If you wish to book, you can contact the accommodation in advance by WhatsApp or calling.

The price is around 100’000-150’000 LAK (Fan-AC room).

Click on the guesthouse names below to see Google reviews and Map location.
Guesthouses are displayed in an alphabetic order.

Homestay can be arranged in the ecotourism villages, the trek and night safari starting points. Please click here to read more.

Nam Et-Phou Louey is situated midway between the ancient royal capital of Luang Prabang and the Secret War-era Viengxay Cave complex near the Vietnamese border. The winding ribbon of a road between the two showcases centuries of history with the remnants of stone age cultures, surprising ethnic diversity, and view upon view of rugged mountains and misty valleys. This route into a remote and forgotten world is studded with hot springs, gushing waterfalls, traditional craft villages and mysterious ancient standing stones, with the Plain of Jars not far away. 

Join a group tour

The following companies all offer tours of the Northern Heritage Route, including the Nam Nern Night Safari (listed alphabetically): Biig Travel Laos, Buffalo Tours, Exotissimo, Green Discovery, Indochina Services (ICS), Jewel Travel, Lao Youth Travel, Nakarath Travel, Remote Asia Travel, Stray AsiaTiger Trails and Viengchampa Tours.

ລັດຖະມົນຕີ ປະຈໍາສໍານັກງານ ນາຍົກລັດຖະມົນຕີໄດ້ລົງຢ້ຽມຢາມ ປ່າສະຫງວນແຫ່ງຊາດ
ນໍ້າແອດ – ພູເລີຍ.

Lao PDR Minister to PMO visit to
Nam Et-Phou Louey
National Protected Area
on 15-16 November 2018.

On 15-16 October 2018 the Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area (NEPL NPA) welcomed H.E Dr. Mme. Souvanpheng BOUPPHANOUVONG, the Minister to Prime Minister’s Office. In the center H.E Dr. Mme. Souvanpheng BOUPPHANOUVONG, the Minister to Prime Minister’s Office, On her left: Mr. Bounpheng Vongnorbountham, Acting DG, Dept. Law, On her right: Mr Lakhone Vonglasy, Hiam district Governor Deputy Director and Mr. Savanh Chanthakoummane, Head of NPA Management Division, DOF.

ໃນວັນທີ່ 15 – 16 ພະຈິກ 2018 ຜ່ານມານີ້ທາງຫ້ອງການເຂດປ່າສະຫງວນແຫ່ງຊາດນໍ້າແອດ-ພູເລີຍໄດ້ໃຫ້ກຽດຕ້ອນຮັບ ພະນະທ່ານ ນາງ. ປອ. ສຸວັນເພັງ ບຸບຜານຸວົງ ລັດຖະມົນຕີປະຈໍາສໍານັກງານ ນາຍົກລັດຖະມົນຕີ.

On 15-16 October 2018 the Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area (NEPL NPA) welcomed H.E Dr. Mme. Souvanpheng BOUPPHANOUVONG, the Minister to Prime Minister’s Office (PMO).

ໃນໂອກາດທີ່ລົງມາຢ້ຽມຍາມຄັ້ງນີ້ທ່ານລັດຖະມົນຕີໄດ້ມີໂອກາດພົບປະ ແລະ ເຮັດວຽກ ຮ່ວມກັບຫ້ອງການເຂດປ່າສະຫງວນແຫ່ງຊາດນໍ້າແອດ-ພູເລີຍ, ອົງການອະນຸລັກສັດປ່າ, ກົມປ່າໄມ້, ອຳນາດ ການປົກຄອງ ເມືອງຮ້ຽມ, ເມືອງຫົວເມືອງ ແລະ ພ້ອມດ້ວຍຄະນະນຳຂັ້ນສູງຂອງແຂວງຫົວພັນ.

H.E Dr. Mme. Souvanpheng BOUPPHANOUVONG, the Minister to PMO, visited the NEPL NPA to meet with the Management Unit of the NEPL NPA and the supporting NGO Wildlife Conservation Society.

ຫົວຂໍ້ທີ່ນຳມາສົນທະນາປຶກສາຫາລືມີດັ່ງນີ້:
The following subjects were discussed during the visit:

  • The NEPL NPA’s conservation activities including:
    • ວຽກງານປັບປຸງຊີວິດການເປັນຢູ່(ທ່ອງທ່ຽວ ແລະ ການປູກກາເຟ)
    • Livelihoods (Ecotourism, Coffee)
    • ວຽກງານບັງຄັບໃຊ້ກົດໝາຍ
    • Law Enforcement
    • ວຽກການຈັດສັນທີ່ດິນ
    • Land Use Management
  • ຍຸດທະສາດການພັດທະນາແບບເຕີບໂຕສີຂຽວຂອງລັດຖະບານ ທີ່ສະໜັບສະໜູນໂດຍ ທະນາຄານໂລກ.
  • The Green Growth Strategy of Lao PDR, with World Bank Support
  • ໂຄງການສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ ແລະ ສັງຄົມໄລຍະ2 (ຄສລ2) ທີ່ສະໜັບສະໜູນ ໂດຍທະນາຄານໂລກ.
  • The Second Lao Environment and Social Project (LENS2), with World Bank Support

ນອກຈາກການເຂົ້າຮ່ວມກອງປະຊຸມແລ້ວ ທ່ານຍັງໄດ້ໃຫ້ກຽດລົງຢ້ຽມຢາມ ເພື່ອເບີ່ງກິດຈະກໍາປັບປຸງຊີວິດການເປັນຢູ່ ຂອງໂຄງການ ແລະ ໄດ້ຖືໂອກາດນີ້ພົບປະໂອ້ລົມພໍ່ແມ່ປະຊາຊົນ 2 ບ້ານຄື:

Two of the NEPL NPA’s livelihood programs were visited during the stay and H.E Dr. Mme. Souvanpheng BOUPPHANOUVONG, the Minister to PMO, met with the associated project communities including:

  • ໂຄງການປູກກາເຟປອດສານພິດທີ່ເປັນມິດກັບສັດປ່າ ຢູ່ບ້ານໂພນຊອງ, ກຸ່ມບ້ານບວມຝາດ, ເມືອງຊ່ອນ ແຂວງຫົວພັນ.
  • The Wildlife Friendly Organic Coffee project in Ban Phon Song village, Boumfard village cluster, Xon district, Houaphan Province:

  • ລ່ອງເຮືອເບິ່ງສັດປ່າໃນຍາມກາງຄືນທີ່ສາຍນໍ້າເນີນ, ບ້ານສົ້ນຂົວ, ເມືອງຫົວເມືອງ ແຂວງ ຫົວພັນ.
  • The Nam Nern Night Safari Wildlife Ecotourism venture in Ban Son Koua village in Houa Mouang district, Houaphan Province:

ລາຍການລ່ອງເຮືອເບິ່ງສັດປ່າໃນຍາມກາງຄືນ ທີ່ສາຍນໍ້າເນີນເຄີຍໄດ້ຮັບລາງວັນລະດັບໂລກ 2 ປີ ຊ້ອນໃນເດືອນພະຈິກ, ປີ 2013 ແລະ 2014 ທີ່ເອີ້ນວ່າ ລາງວັນການທ່ອງທ່ຽວ ທີ່ມີຄວາມຮັບຜິດຊອບ ຕໍ່ໂລກ ເຊີ່ງຖືວ່າເປັນປະສົບການເບີ່ງສັດປ່າທີ່ດີທີ່ສຸດ ແລະ ເປັນທາງເລືອກສຳລັບປະຊາຊົນ. ເດືອນພະຈິກປີ 2018 ພໍດີຄົບຮອບ 5 ປີ ພວກເຮົາສາມາດສະເຫຼີມສະຫຼອງນັບຕັ້ງແຕ່ໄດ້ຮັບລາງວັນມາ!

The Nam Nern Night Safari won the award the World Responsible Tourism Award in November 2013 and 2014, as the best Wildlife Experience & People’s Choice. This November 2018 we can celebrate together the 5 years anniversary since the award!

ຫ້ອງການປ່າສະຫງວນແຫ່ງຊາດນໍ້າແອດ-ພູເລີຍ, ອົງການອະນຸລັກສັດປ່າ ພ້ອມດ້ວຍປະຊາຊົນ ຊາວບ້ານໂພນຊ່ອງ ແລະ ບ້ານສົ້ນຂົວ ມີຄວາມຮູ້ສຶກເປັນກຽດຢ່າງສູງ ແລະ ຂໍສະແດງຄວາມຂອບໃຈຢ່າງ ລົ້ນເຫຼືອຕໍ່ການລົງມາຢ້ຽມຢາມແບບພິເສດຂອງທ່ານ. ຫວັງຢ່າງຍິ່ງວ່າພວກເຮົາຈະຊ່ວຍກັນນໍາສະເໜີຜົນງານອັນດີເດັ່ນດ້ານການອະນຸລັກທີ່ພວກເຮົາຍາດມາໄດ້ນີ້ ໃຫ້ສັງຄົມຮັບຊາບຢ່າງກວ້າງຂວາງຕື່ມອີກໃນອະນາຄົດ.

The Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area’s Management Unit, the supporting NGO Wildlife Conservation Society, and the Ban Phon Song and Ban Son Koua communities are honored and sincerely grateful for the special visit, and hope to present outstanding conservation results in NEPL NPA in the future.

ຂອບໃຈມາຍັງ ມືກ້ອງ ປະຈຳຫ້ອງການ ທ່ານ ເບນ ສຸວໍນພຸລ ທີ່ມາຢ້ຽມຢາມ
Thanks to Mr. Ben Swanepoel for the photographs of the official visit.

Floods on Nam Nern River in September 2018

In the beginning of September 2018, the Night Safari ecotourism area was damaged due to extensive flooding that occurred over the last rains on Nam Nern River.

The Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area’s team supported by Wildlife Conservation Society, together with the community presented great collaboration and reconstructed the ecotourism camp in less than a month! The maintenance was accomplished just on time to welcome the first visitors of the season in October.

 

This tourism season 2018/19, we need to be little patient to allow the full recovery and rehabilitation of the flooded area, however we do not expect this to detract from the Night Safari experience which still features the pristine forest habitat and wildlife along with the cultural elements that have made the tour such a rewarding experience.

Interestingly, since the natural flooding the wildlife sightings on the Nam Nern River Safari tour are higher than average! The top sightings of the same specie per tour include:

  • 6 Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) sightings on one tour (Average 2017: 3)
  • 5 Muntjac sightings on one tour (Average 2017: 1)
  • and the most importantly the Asian Golden Cat (Catopuma temminckii)

Travel upstream the Nam Nern river to enter the Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area. Spot wildlife guides by the former village hunter. More wildlife you see more money for guides, boatmen and the surrounding 14 villages.

Read more about the wildlife conservation ecotourism model on: https://www.namet.org/wp/namnern/eco-tourism-model/

Thanks to Ben Swanepoel and the protected area’s team for the beautiful pictures!

Activities in and around Muang Hiam
& Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park MUANG HIAM TOWN & AROUND

Muang Hiem town in Houphan province was known to be dangerous for its many tigers, so people were told when passing through here “to beware”, which in the local dialect is “hiem”. Hence, the town was called Muang Hiem (“muang” means town or district). The Nam Khan River in Muang Hiam is the same river that flows by Luang Prabang UNESCO peninsula in to the Mekong River.

A small stupa, situated atop the hill, amazingly survived the heavy explosions during the war, and an unexploded bomb lodged deep inside the earth (the bomb was detected by UXO clearing teams).

In the center of town, is the market. You can purchase some fruits, sticky rice, BBQ and sour vegetable PakSom for picnic lunch when exploring the surroundings of Hiam.

Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park’s Headquarters & Visitor Center
(Open Monday-Friday from 9-5pm (lunch break 12-1.30))
The NEPL NP is the largest protected area in the country, spanning across three provinces: Houaphan, Luang Prabang, and Xiengkhouang. The NEPL NP is a critically important habitat of numerous threatened and endangered wildlife species. The National Park’s Headquarters and Visitor Center is located nearby the junction towards the hot springs. The visitor center offers an introduction to the protected area’s conservation work and the wildlife ecotourism projects. Contact the national park’s ecotourism team for more details. See location here.

Wildlife Conservation Tours & Homestays
Ecotourism in NEPL NP is designed to create a direct link between conservation and tourism, so that the money that visitors pay has a positive impact on encouraging local people to protect endangered wildlife. The ecotourism projects offer a unique opportunity to enter the Totally Protected Zone of the national park. (Read more).

Hot Springs (Open every day, 6am-11pm).
If you cross the bridge over the Nam Khan River and take right on to the dirt road, you will arrive to the hot springs located just 10-min walk from the main road (passing the national park’s office on the left). This is one of the hottest natural springs in the country; in fact you can boil an egg in it, so be careful! In daytime, relax and enjoy picnic huts. For bathing, you can choose between bathtubs or showers. Please remember to wear appropriate clothing (see Cultural Guidelines). Entrance fee 15’000LAK. See location here.

Muang Hiam School Forest & Self-Guided Hike (2024 update – closed).
The Hiam School Forest, a conservation forest of 635 ha was established by the Hiam secondary school in 2010. A self-guided hiking trail is available, and is starting from the national park’s office. Along the way see a bamboo forest transitioning into deciduous forest, the Indochina War trenches, a Tree House/View Point offering a beautiful view over Muang Hiam town, and Hok Don Waterfall. You can choose to either end the tour by visiting the giant old growth trees, or to go straight to the hot springs. Traveling 0.6 Km past the hot spring will take you to Muang Hiam Secondary School. More information and maps are available at the national park’s office. Please pay the hot springs entrance fee if you cross it.

Dam. Tad Louan Waterfall & Swimming
(5km. Around 20 min one way or 12 km the loop).
A quiet country road will lead you to the hydroelectric dam and waterfall, nice for swimming. To start, after crossing the Nam Khan River bridge, turn left before the petrol station. The route passes Ban Houay Saa village, a Hmong village that has traditional houses built at ground level (rather than on high posts). At the Y-junction, keep right and you will arrive at the top of the dam on the Nam Sat River. Pass the dam 100m, you will find a small path going down to the river. If you keep following the main road, it will become narrow after the power station and eventually lead to the Nam Khan River, possible to cross by bamboo bridge (motorbike will need to do river crossing). Continue through the rice fields and you will arrive at the main road in Viengthong village, turn left to return to the town. The loop is 12km, and is great for a run, or by bicycle/motorbike).

Tad Salay Waterfall & Swimming
(8 Km. Around 30 min one way by motorbike).
Travel towards Nong Khiaw/Luang Prabang for 4 km and turn right before the NamSat bridge. Continue beautiful country road trough mountainous agriculture valleys upstream the river for 4 km. There is no information sign about the waterfall, but you can notice the sound of the falling water, and a walking/motorbike path going down to the river. Bring some snacks to enjoy picnic by the waterfall.

Indochina War Airbase (Lima Site 36) & Village Homestay
(27 km. Around 2h one way by motorbike)
From Muang Hiam town, follow the signs as you head south for 7 km to Poung Hai village where asmall Buddhist temple is located, and is the only one in the area. Turn left at Poung Hai, and follow a scenic mountain dirt road for 15 km, and take a left at the Y-junction. After another 5 km, you will reach Ban Nakout. The village is 100% Tai Phuan ethnic group. Evidence of the former Indochina war airbase can still be found in the area (air slip, fuel tanks, etc.). The area is highly contaminated with UXO, please be careful! A simple but comfortable homestay/lodge is available in the village. Mr. Thongphet speaks English, contact him on +856 30 4818006. (Read More)

www.NamEt.org
+856 20 2860 0038

Cultural Guidelines

  • Please dress appropriately when visiting villages. Men must wear a shirt and women must cover their shoulders and knees.
  • Please take off your shoes when entering a house.
  • If you want to take pictures of people, please ask for permission first.
  • Smiles beget smiles. Please, be patient and kind.
  • When bathing/swimming in public, women must cover the body from chest to knees.
  • Please do not buy any wildlife or wildlife products. Selling & Buying wildlife is illegal in Lao PDR.

 

Dear Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park visitors,

Please note that before the tour start in Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park, you will be required to sign the “Liability Waiver and Risk Acknowledgment” form as below.

Thank you for your comprehension.

Best regards,

NEPL NP Ecotourism team

 

Do you know what a dhole is?

Did you know that this predator has disappeared from more of its traditional range and faster than the tiger and that it is thus considered by many to be more endangered? The Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park is blessed to still be host to a robust population of this rare canid and it is one of the most crucial locations for the species’ survival in mainland Southeast Asia.

The dhole (Cuon alpinus) is a member of the family canidae like wolves, domestic dogs, coyotes, and jackals. Though small in size (10-20kg) dholes hunt in large packs (often over 10 individuals) making them a competitor of the much larger tiger across its range in India and east Asia. They are one of only three hypercarnivours in the canidae family, meaning that their diet consists entirely of flesh.  They have enhanced slicing teeth and reduced number of molars unlike most canids which have dental adaptations for omnivorous diets.  This hypercarnivory is associated with their large pack sizes which makes for more efficient hunting of many large prey.  This need for many large herbivores and thus very large ranges to feed such large packs is part of the reason the dhole has been so decimated by the habitat loss of the last half century; this in addition to persecution by humans for perceived dangers to livestock. As Nam-Et Phou Louey still contains relatively large tracks of forest and relatively high density of wild ungulates (such as pigs, muntjaks, serow, guar, and deer) the protected area serves as an island of relative safety for the dhole in a land otherwise barren of suitable habitat.

A Tiger Hunted By Wild Dogs (1807) by Samuel Howitt

In Nam Et-Phou Louey dholes have been demonstrated as having a strong preference for muntjacs (Muntiacus spp.) and sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), avoiding the much more abundant wild pig (Sus scrofa).  This is perhaps due to the dangers posed by wild pigs’ own social pack behavior.  They also have been observed to have a negative preference for serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii), possibly due to the serow’s almost exclusive occurrence in rugged upland areas while the dhole prefers the flatter lowland forests.  The protection of muntjacs and sambar deer from human market hunting and illegal hunting in the Nam Et-Phou Louey Totally Protected Zone is thus essential for the dhole’s survival in Nam Et-Phou Louey and in Laos itself.

Sambar deer are a close second to muntjacs in dhole preference in Nam Et-Phou Louey

Muntjacs have been found to be the most sought after prey of dholes in Nam Et-Phou Louey

Dholes in Nam Et-Phou Louey appear to hunt in smaller packs than in other areas of their range such as many remaining populations in India.  This could be due to smaller packs being necessary for ease of movement and ambush in the dense vegetation of Nam Et-Phou Louey as opposed to the more open environments of India.  Maybe this smaller pack size is partially responsible for a greater ease of survival of dholes in Nam Et-Phou Louey, pure speculation.

The area east of Phou Louey mountain with its lush forests, less extreme topography, many salt licks, and high preference by muntjacs and sambar deer is thus a haven for dholes. This abundance along with the dhole’s diurnal (day time) behavior means that is one of the more likely large predators to be seen by visitors on any of the new eco-tourism trekking options offered by the protected area and the local communities; much more likely than seeing any of the very clandestine, very nocturnal cat species of Nam Et-Phou Louey. More, they are not an uncommon capture on the camera traps set up along these trekking routes as the photos here attest to (all taken within the same week in two different distant camera trap locations).

The new trekking tour options vary from 2 to 5 days inside the Protected Area and all tours include camera trap verification. Follow the link to read the trekking tour itineraries: https://www.namet.org/wp/wildlife-trekking-north-laos/

For more about the 2012 dhole study conducted in Nam Et-  Phou Louey, its methods and its results, please see the attached article from The Journal of Mammalogy, June 2012 (https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/93/3/627/834260/The-diet-prey-selection-and-activity-of-dholes)

 

 

 

 

 

 

First Aid and CPR Training for NEPL Ecotourism Team
June 9, 2016 – NEPL headquarters

The ecotourism guides of Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area were trained by First Aid Services trainers in first aid and Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).  The emergency response procedures the ecotourism staff were trained in included procedure for approaching the scene of a medical accident/emergency; diagnosing problems in breathing, airway blockage, circulation, shock, severe bleeding, spinal injury, and strokes; performing the Hiemlich maneuver, CPR, dressing wounds, and lifting and moving injured patients; and procedures for poisoning and snake bites.

The training given by David and Viola Hermanson of First Aid Services was fun, interactive, and hands on. The trainer to trainee ratio was 1 to 3, thus each trainee was able to be actively involved and have their questions answered directly by trainers.

As staff of NEPL frequently spend time in remote areas where access to medical services is limited it is important to WCS to develop a certain degree of medical self-reliance for these staff.

For ecotourism staff who guide visitors unfamiliar with the environment of NEPL NPA, the first aid knowledge is especially important. For this reason WCS/NEPL NPA will continue to train and renew training of first aid and CPR to their eco-tourism staff regularly.